Photosynthesis Simplified for Class 10: A Mind Map Approach

Mind Map Overview

1. Definition

• Process by which green plants synthesize food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.

• Occurs in chloroplasts of plant cells.

• Produces oxygen as a by-product.

2. Equation of Photosynthesis

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

3. Stages of Photosynthesis

A. Light-dependent Reactions

• Occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.

• Require sunlight to generate ATP and NADPH.

• Water molecules split to release oxygen (photolysis).

B. Light-independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

• Occur in the stroma of the chloroplast.

• Do not require direct sunlight.

• Utilize ATP and NADPH to convert CO₂ into glucose.

4. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

A. Internal Factors

• Chlorophyll content

• Leaf structure

B. External Factors

• Light Intensity: Higher intensity increases the rate.

• Carbon Dioxide Concentration: More CO₂ leads to increased glucose production.

• Temperature: Optimum range (25-35°C) is ideal.

• Water Availability: Essential for photolysis and plant hydration.

5. Importance of Photosynthesis

• Produces oxygen necessary for respiration.

• Provides food and energy for all living organisms.

• Helps maintain atmospheric CO₂-O₂ balance.

• Foundation of the food chain.

6. Experiment to Demonstrate Photosynthesis

A. Test for Starch (Iodine Test)

• Take a green leaf and boil it in water.

• Place it in alcohol to remove chlorophyll.

• Wash with water and add iodine solution.

• If starch is present, the leaf turns blue-black.

Conclusion

Understanding photosynthesis through a structured mind map approach makes it easier to grasp key concepts. It is a fundamental process that supports life on Earth, influencing both the biological and environmental balance. Mastering this topic will help students answer exam questions effectively and develop a deeper appreciation for the role of plants in nature.